Eugene Marie Chantrelle
Chantrelle was a French born schoolteacher from Edinburgh who was tried for poisoning his wife. He was born in Nantes in France in 1834. He had an excellent education, and studied at Nantes Medical School. In 1848, during the French Revolution, he appears to have lost all his money and left the medical school. He attended medical classes in Strasbourg and Paris, but despite showing promise does not seem to have taken up a medical position. In 1851, having developed republican sympathies, he joined protesters in Paris and received a sabre wound. The rise of the Napoleonic party forced him to travel to America, then northern England, and in 1866 he arrived in Edinburgh. As he was a cultured man, and an excellent linguist, he soon gained connections in the educational world. He wrote books on the French Language, which were adopted as textbooks. He also tutored in French, German, Latin and Greek.
Chantrelle obtained a teaching post at a private school called Newington Abbey. Here he met and formed an inappropriate relationship with a pupil, Elizabeth Cullen Dyer. To hide the shame, he married Elizabeth in 1868 when she was sixteen. The first of four children was born two months after the wedding. Chantrelle abused and bullied Elizabeth in every way possible, and on occasion she returned to her mother, and on others called the police. She once contacted a lawyer about divorce, but shrank from the exposure such a move would have caused at the time, and her deep affection for the children caused her to stay.
Chantrelle's drunken, abusive and immoral habits began to tell on his professional work. He started to get into difficulties with money. His favourite threat against his wife was that he would poison her, although it is doubtful that he meant this until his money worries suggested a way of benefiting through her death. In October 1877 he took out an insurance policy on her life for £1000, to be paid in the event of her accidental death. He had gone to some trouble to be sure that he understood the meaning of "accidental death" in the policy. His wife now lived in fear of her life.
On New Year's Day 1878 Elizabeth Chantrelle became unwell. A servant girl, given the day off, returned next morning to find her mistress unconscious. She called her master, who asked her if she could smell gas. She could not, but later there was a smell of gas, and she turned it off at the meter. Elizabeth was eventually taken to the Royal Infirmary, where despite suggestions that she had been poisoned by coal gas. Professor Maclagan came to the conclusion that the symptoms were of narcotic poisoning and not gas. Elizabeth died later that afternoon without regaining consciousness.
Although a post mortem could find no trace of narcotic poisoning, it did show that Elizabeth had not died of gas poisoning. However, the servant girl had seen stains of vomit on Elizabeth's nightdress, and examination of these did show the presence of opium.
Immediately after Elizabeth's funeral on 5th January 1878, where Chantrelle behaved in a very emotional manner, he was arrested. The case then went to trial. The case took some time to prepare as there was a huge amount of evidence, with 115 witnesses and 198 productions. Chantrelle was charged with poisoning his wife by administering opium in orange and lemonade. The trial began on 7th May 1878. There was much public interest.
Chantrelle pleaded not guilty. The trial lasted four days. It was proved that Chantrelle was acquainted with the use and effects of poison, that he had opium in his possession, that he had tried to explain his wife's death by other means than poison, that his protestations of innocence before he been accused of anything, were suspicious, that the fractured gas pipe in his wife's bedroom had been deliberately broken, that he had treated his wife cruelly and had threatened to poison her - the defence had little ammunition to help Chantrelle. The jury reached a "guilty" verdict in an hour and ten minutes. The death sentence was passed.
There was disquiet about some members of the jury, and the lack of poison in the body caused comment. Chantrelle maintained that the stains on his wife's nightclothes were put there to incriminate him, although he could not say by whom. A public petition was sent to the Home Secretary stating that evidence at the trial had been circumstantial. The Scotsman published details of meetings being held to protest at the death sentence. This was all to no avail, and Chantrelle was hanged at Calton Prison on 31st May 1878. A plaster cast of the head was taken for scientific purposes for use at the Phrenological Museum (1). Chantrelle never admitted his guilt.
References:
A Duncan Smith (editor) - Trail of Eugene Marie Chantrelle, William Hodge and Company 1906
(1)The Phrenological Society of Edinburgh was formed on 22 February 1820. The first meeting of the Society was held at Hermitage Place, in Edinburgh, and was attended by: George Combe (1788-1858), Writer to the Signet; James Brownlee, Advocate; Andrew Combe, Surgeon; William Waddell, WS; Lindsay Mackersy (sic), Accountant; and, Rev. David Walsh. The Chairman of the first meeting was noted as George Combe and a moving spirit of the Society was Sir George Steuart Mackenzie of Coul, Baronet (1780-1848). The object of the Phrenological Society was 'to hear papers' and 'to discuss questions' connected with Phrenology. It would 'hold correspondence' with societies and individuals taking an interest in Phrenology, and collect and pursue facts and views that 'may improve and enlarge the boundaries of the Science'. Although Phrenology was a popular field of study well into the 20th century, it became discredited by scientific research. Phrenologists looked at the skull for indications of mental faculties and traits of character, and its principles were established by Franz-Joseph Gall (1758-1828), an Austrian, and by Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (1776-1832) and George Combe. Gall had studied the heads of prisoners and inmates of lunatic asylums, and from his observations he deduced certain traits in the individuals, mapping out where "murder" or "theft" and so on were seated in the brain. Spurzheim and Combe went on to divide the scalp into regions where, for example, acquisitiveness, benevolence, combativeness, constructiveness, destructiveness, individuality, linguistic perception, self-esteem, wit and wonder etc were seated.